《Challenges and Solutions for Dangerous Goods in Maritime Transportation: From Packing to Port Supervision》

Abstract
This paper discusses the main challenges and solutions faced by dangerous goods in the whole process from packing to port supervision. Research shows that the shipping of dangerous goods involves complex international regulations, strict packaging requirements, professional transportation management and efficient emergency response mechanisms. By analyzing current industry practices and typical cases, this paper proposes a series of improvement measures, including strengthening personnel training, optimizing packaging technology, improving information systems and strengthening international cooperation. These solutions will help improve the safety and efficiency of dangerous goods shipping and provide reference for relevant enterprises and regulators.

Keywords Dangerous goods shipping; Packing specifications; Port supervision; Emergency response; International regulations

Introduction
With the continuous development of global trade, the volume of dangerous goods shipping continues to grow, and the problem of its safe transportation has become increasingly prominent. Due to its inherent physical and chemical properties, dangerous goods may cause serious accidents such as fire, explosion, poisoning, etc. during transportation, posing a major threat to personnel, environment and property. This paper aims to systematically analyze the challenges of dangerous goods shipping from packing to port supervision, and propose practical solutions to promote the safe and efficient operation of dangerous goods shipping.

1. Challenges and solutions in the packing of dangerous goods by sea
   The packing of dangerous goods by sea is the first link in the entire transportation process and one of the links most prone to problems. The main challenges faced in the packing process include improper selection of packaging materials, irregular packing operations, and unclear identification and marking. Improper packaging may cause leakage or reaction of dangerous goods, irregular operations may cause accidents, and unclear identification will bring safety hazards to subsequent processing.

In response to these challenges, solutions should start from the following aspects: First, strictly implement the packaging standards of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code) to ensure the use of certified packaging materials; second, provide professional training for packing operators to ensure that they are familiar with the characteristics and handling requirements of various types of dangerous goods; finally, establish a double inspection mechanism to ensure that all dangerous goods packaging is correctly marked and labeled, and the information is complete and readable.

2. Management difficulties in the transportation of dangerous goods by sea
   Dangerous goods face complex and changing environmental conditions and management difficulties during maritime transportation. Environmental factors such as ship shaking, temperature changes, and humidity effects may aggravate the instability of dangerous goods. At the same time, the mixed transportation of different types of dangerous goods may generate the risk of mutual reaction, and the difficulty of real-time monitoring in long-distance transportation also brings challenges to safety management.

To solve these problems, it is recommended to take the following measures: adopt advanced container monitoring technology to monitor key parameters such as temperature, humidity, and pressure in real time; optimize the ship cargo loading plan to ensure the safe isolation of dangerous goods; establish a complete emergency plan, equip professional emergency equipment and personnel; strengthen the dangerous goods knowledge training of crew members to improve their emergency response capabilities.

3. The current situation and improvement suggestions for the supervision of dangerous goods in ports
   As a key node for the transportation of dangerous goods by sea, the supervision efficiency of ports directly affects the overall safety level. The main problems facing the current supervision of dangerous goods in ports include: insufficient detection equipment leading to the risk of missed inspections, poor coordination among departments affecting the efficiency of disposal, and low informationization level restricting the supervision efficiency. In addition, differences in supervision standards in different countries and ports also bring challenges to international shipping.

Suggestions for improving the supervision of dangerous goods in ports include: increasing investment in updating detection equipment, such as using advanced technologies such as X-ray scanning and gas detection; establishing a unified management platform for dangerous goods in ports to achieve information sharing and collaborative supervision; strengthening cooperation and standard coordination among international ports; promoting an electronic declaration system for dangerous goods to improve customs clearance efficiency and regulatory transparency; regularly organizing emergency drills to enhance the emergency response capabilities of ports.

IV. Establishment and improvement of emergency response mechanism
An effective emergency response mechanism is the key to controlling the consequences of dangerous goods shipping accidents. The main problems of emergency response at present include: insufficient specificity of emergency plans, scattered emergency resources, poor cross-departmental collaboration, and delayed information transmission. These problems may lead to improper initial handling of accidents and expand the consequences.

Improving the emergency response mechanism should start from the following aspects: formulating detailed emergency plans for different types of dangerous goods accidents; establishing a professional dangerous goods emergency response team equipped with special equipment and instruments; building a unified command platform to achieve rapid linkage among multiple departments; establishing a real-time reporting system for accident information; regularly organizing full-process emergency drills; establishing a cooperation mechanism with international rescue organizations to share emergency resources and technologies.

V. Conclusion
The safe transportation of dangerous goods by sea is a systematic project, involving multiple links such as packaging, transportation, supervision and emergency response. By analyzing the challenges of each link and proposing targeted solutions, the safety level of dangerous goods shipping can be significantly improved. In the future, with the advancement of technology and the deepening of international cooperation, dangerous goods shipping will develop in a more intelligent and standardized direction. It is recommended that all parties in the industry strengthen cooperation, continuously optimize management processes, and jointly build a safe and efficient dangerous goods shipping system.

References
International Maritime Organization. “International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code” (IMDG Code). 2020 edition.

Zhang Mingyuan, Li Haiyun. “Safety Management of Dangerous Goods Logistics”. Beijing: Jiaotong Press, 2019.

Smith, J. & Brown, A. “Risk Management in Dangerous Goods Shipping”. Maritime Safety Journal, 2021, 15(3): 45-62.

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