由 caicai8478 Introduction In international logistics, items containing electrical charges or liquids are collectively referred to as “dangerous goods” or “restricted goods” due to their potential chemical and physical risks. Their transport safety is governed by a set of globally applicable rules, with the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods as its core framework, commonly known as “UN Standards.” Compliance is the sole prerequisite for the cross-border flow of such goods. This guide will provide an in-depth analysis of the entire process of labeling, packaging, and declaration within the three core aspects of UN Standards.
Part One: Basic Concepts and Classification
I. What are UN Standards?
UN Standards are a set of international standards developed by the United Nations to ensure the safe transport of dangerous goods. They specify the requirements for the classification, packaging, marking, labeling, and documentation of dangerous goods and are adopted by global air transport (IATA), sea transport (IMDG), and land transport (ADR/RID).
II. Cargo Classification: The Starting Point for All Compliance
Before any operation, you must first accurately classify your cargo.
- Items Containing Electrical Appliances (taking common types as examples):
UN3480: Lithium-ion batteries (sent separately)
UN3481: Lithium-ion batteries (packed with equipment)
UN3090: Lithium metal batteries (sent separately)
UN3091: Lithium metal batteries (packed with equipment)
UN2794: Lead-acid batteries (wet)
UN2800: Storage batteries (wet, non-leaking)
- Items Containing Liquids (taking common categories as examples):
Class 3 Flammable Liquids: UN1263 Perfume, UN1170 Ethanol (alcoholic beverages >24%), UN1263 Paint
Class 8 Corrosive Substances: UN2794 Storage Batteries (acidic), UN1760 Corrosive Liquids, unless otherwise specified
Class 9 Miscellaneous Dangerous Substances: UN3082 Liquids Harmful to the Environment
Key Points: Correct UN Number and Correct Proper Shipping Name Name is the cornerstone of all subsequent processes.
Part Two: Identification and Marking Explanation
Identification is the “identity card” of goods during transportation; it must be clear, durable, and conform to specifications.
I. Packaging Marking
UN Packaging Marking:
For packaging conforming to UN standards, its performance class must be permanently marked on the packaging.
Example: 1A1/X1.4/250/23/USA/XXXX
1A1: Type code (e.g., 1A1 for steel drum)
X: Packaging class (X=Class I, Y=Class II, Z=Class III)
1.4: Relative density
250: Hydraulic test pressure (kPa)
23: Year of manufacture
USA: Approving country
XXXX: Manufacturer code
Shipper and Consignee Information: Clearly mark the names and addresses of the shipper and consignee.
II. Dangerous Goods Labeling
Lithium Battery Specific Marking:
Applicable to: Almost all lithium-ion/metal batteries (except for small-batch exemptions installed in equipment).
Style: White background with black lettering, featuring a battery damage and flame symbol, and must include the UN number.
Importance: This label replaces the old lithium battery handling label and is currently mandatory.
Hazard Labels:
Class 9 Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods Label: Required for most lithium batteries (seven vertical stripes).
Other Category Labels: Affixed according to the liquid’s properties, such as Class 3 flammable liquids (flame symbol), Class 8 corrosive substances (corrosive symbol).
Affixing Requirements:
Must be affixed to the front of the packaging box, near the shipping information.
Labels must be secure, clear, and at least 100mm x 100mm in size.
When goods have multiple hazards, all corresponding primary and secondary hazard labels must be affixed.
Part Three: Packaging Specifications Explained
Packaging is the first and most important line of defense for safe transportation.
I. Core Packaging Principles
Compatibility: Packaging materials must be compatible with the goods being packaged and must not react with them. For example, acidic liquids cannot be packaged in metal containers.
Sealing: Ensure no liquid leakage and no risk of battery short circuit.
Strength: Withstand vibration, stacking, and impact under normal transportation conditions.
II. Specific Packaging Requirements
- For Items Containing Electricity (e.g., lithium batteries):
Short Circuit Protection: Each battery electrode must be protected with insulating material (e.g., rubber caps, tape). Batteries must be secured within the packaging to prevent movement and contact with each other.
Outer Packaging Strength: Sufficiently strong outer packaging (e.g., corrugated cardboard boxes) must be used to ensure that the battery is not punctured or crushed, and the contents are not exposed after a 1.2-meter drop test.
Special Provisions: Certain types of batteries may be permitted to use sturdy wooden crates lined with anti-static bags.
- For Items Containing Liquids:
Inner Packaging: Use well-sealed bottles, ampoules, plastic containers, etc.
Absorbent Material: Sufficient absorbent material (e.g., absorbent cotton, vermiculite) must be placed between the inner and outer packaging to completely absorb any leakage of liquid from the inner packaging.
Leak Prevention: For combined packaging, all inner packaging openings must face upwards, and an “upward” arrow must be clearly marked on the outer packaging.
Part Four: Declaration Process Analysis
Declaration is the legally binding process of formally declaring the dangerousness of goods to carriers and regulatory agencies.
I. Core Document: Dangerous Goods Declaration Form
This is a legally binding document that must be completed and signed by a professionally trained person.
Key Points for Completion:
Shipper/Consignee: Complete information.
Air/Sea Freight: Specify the applicable mode of transport.
Specific Name for Transport: Such as “Lithium-ion batteries, in compliance with Special Provision No. 188”.
Category/Item: Such as “9”.
UN Number: Such as “UN3480”.
Packaging Class: Usually Class II or Class III.
Packaging Description: Refer to the specific number in IATA or IMDG (such as IATA PI 965).
Packaging Type and Quantity: Such as “1 carton”.
Emergency Contact Information.
II. Supporting Documents
MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet, used to assist in classification and provide emergency information.
Test Summary: For lithium batteries, a test summary conforming to UN 38.3 requirements must be provided.
Certificate of Cargo Transport Conditions: Especially for liquids with complex compositions or goods that cannot be clearly classified, a certificate issued by a professional organization is strong proof of compliance.
III. Overall Process Overview
Classification Identification: Determine the UN number and hazard class of the goods.
Selecting Compliant Packaging: Select or customize UN-standard packaging according to the packaging instructions.
Preparing Documents: Prepare MSDS, test reports, etc. in advance.
Cargo Packaging: Strictly adhere to specifications for inner and outer packaging and place absorbent materials.
Affixing Marks/Labels: Affix all required marks and labels to the correct locations on the packaging.
Completing the Declaration Form: The DGD must be accurately completed and signed by qualified personnel.
Booking Space in Advance: Submit documents to the carrier (airline/shipping company) to apply for dangerous goods space.
Delivery of Goods: Deliver the properly packaged and marked goods, along with all necessary documentation, to the carrier.
Conclusion: UN specifications are a rigorous and complex system, but their core logic is clear: accurate classification, standardized packaging, clear labeling, and truthful declaration. Oversights in any环节 (link/step) can lead to rejection, fines, or even safety incidents. For shippers, investing in professional training, qualified packaging materials, and reliable logistics partners is the most efficient way to ensure the smooth and safe arrival of goods containing electrical/liquid components at their destination.
Important Note: This guide is based on general rules. When implementing specific procedures, please refer to the latest versions of the IATA Dangerous Goods Code, the IMDG International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, and local laws and regulations.